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PRINTING MOTION PICTURE FILM 163
each change in negative density. The resistances are very quickly and easily set by merely adjusting the position of a sliding member until the required number, again any number from one to twentyone, is indicated by a moving pointer. The whole bank of resistances is mounted vertically behind the printer or, in some cases, on a separate support, and contact is made with each resistance in turn by releasing a weighted spring contactor so that it moves in guide rails and from one resistance downwards to the next. The connector is released by a solenoid and relay system, again actuated by notches in the negative film.
To reset the machine, if a second copy is to be made from the same negative, it is only necessary to lift the weighted connector up the guide channels when, due to a ratchet mechanism, it will easily pass the various resistances and come to rest against the first setting in the series. Most machines which employ this type of light-change provide for as many as seventy different lightchanges within one 1,000-ft (304 • 8-metres) roll of film. Obviously, the wiring of seventy variable resistances, so that each may in turn be connected in series with the printing lamp, is quite an impressive sight!
The Bell & Howell Fully Automatic Production Printer By the year 1932 the motion picture industry had become thoroughly settled down to the production of first class sound films, the release copies of which were being printed on the machines which have been previously described. However, to maintain the high standards required, the printer operators were necessarily constantly alert to the possibility of faulty machine operation. For example, when printing one copy from a sound film the procedure which must be observed is as follows: -Assuming the sound and picture negatives are supplied to the routine printing department as completed work and only require 'straight' copying, the sound negative is loaded together with the unexposed positive stock into the sound printer. The positon of the 'start' frame on the negative is noted, and a similar mark is made on the positive. The sound is then printed and the roll of positive stock is rewound. This stock is then transferred to the picture printer and the 'start' frame on the picture negative is threaded in the machine in synchronism with the start mark previously made on the positive stock. By this means synchronism between sound and picture is automatically obtained.
When it becomes necessary to make many copies from one subject it is quickly realised that the dependence upon the human