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16-MM CAMERAS AND ACCESSORIES 345
adjust the lens diaphragm according to the subject brightness, and push the release button !
Several variations of the basic design shown in Figure 149 are in use at the moment. Firstly, it is not necessary that the gate channels shall be absolutely straight, in fact, some designers are of the opinion that the film is more likely to remain flat in the horizontal plane when the gate has a slight curvature in the vertical plane. Secondly, the claw mechanism may either be arranged to engage with the film from the front or back of the gate channel. Thirdly, the film may be passed over one sprocket as it is drawn from the supply spool and over another sprocket as it is fed to the take-up spool. Cameras are also designed to accommodate either 50-ft (15-24-metres) or 100-feet (30 • 48-metres) of film on daylight loading spools -such lengths having an ultimate screening time of approximately two minutes and four minutes respectively (at 16-frames per second).
In recent years the 'magazine' type camera has become very popular since it reduces still further the number of operations which must be performed before the camera can be used. With such instruments the film is purchased ready loaded within a small rectangular case or magazine, designed to fit into a recess provided within the camera body. The magazine contains the supply and take-up bobbins, the feeding sprocket and film gate because of this the operator is not required to thread the film in any way. An extended shaft, projecting from the magazine, is arranged to automatically engage with a driving member when the magazine is located in position in the main camera body. Suitable apertures, provided at the front of the magazine, are usually closed by a thin metal shield which may be slid away when the magazine is placed in the camera. One aperture is located in the plane of exposure and is equal in size to the picture area. The second aperture reveals sufficient film to enable the claw mechanism to pass into the magazine and to engage with the film perforations. With such cameras it is therefore only necessary to locate the magazine in the camera body, fully wind the driving spring and adjust the lens diaphragm. The usual viewfinders are provided to align the camera with the scene which is to be photographed.
Camera Refinements
As mentioned previously, those effects for which provisions are made within the more advanced cameras have only been made possible by producing instruments which are more complicated in operation than many of the 35-mm studio models. Professional