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logical pressures the Communists are using against free nations. Emphasizes New Communications Developments In outlining a vastly enlarged propaganda effort, General Sarnoff drew attention to opportunities opened up by new technical developments in communications. For instance, "mobile big-screen television units in black-and-white and in color" would be effective in non- Communist regions where "their very novelty will guar- antee large and attentive audiences." "Vast regions in Asia and elsewhere, where illiteracy bars the written word and lack of radios bars the spoken word," General Sarnoff explained, "could thus be reached." His plan also included mass distribution of "cheap and lightweight receivers tuned to pick up American signals." In addition, "a simple, hand-operated phono- graph device costing no more than a loaf of bread" and "records made of cardboard and costing less than a bottle of Coca-Cola" could be made available by the million in critical areas. "Propaganda, for maximum effect, must not be an end in itself — it is a preparation for action," the memorandum stated. "Words that are not backed up by deeds, that do not generate deeds, lose their impact." The arena of action is the whole globe. General Sarnoff believes. We must aim, he said, "to achieve dramatic victories as swiftly as possible, as token of the changed state of affairs." He saw great possibilities for encouraging and guiding "passive resistance" by individuals, with a minimum of risk, in the Soviet empire. Help for "Pockets of Guerilla Forces" At the same time he took note of the fact that "pockets of guerilla forces remain in Poland, Hungary, Towers of the Radio Free Europe transmitter in Portugal symbolize today's U. S. Cold War effort. A German worker for Radio Free Europe launches a leaflet-laden balloon toward Czechoslovakia.