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WHERE THE S. S. ALASKA SANK
Is shown on this map. Thirty-nine lives were lost. A submarine bell was operating i" miles away and this disaster might have been avoided had the vessel been equipped with submarine signal receiving equipment
Before proceeding we can see in a general way the truth of this deduction. For if B may be either of two points and all the conditions of course and speed be satisfied, there cannot be collision. Obviously, there cannot be two possible lines leading to collision; it can only occur if both vessels are making for a common point, and, as two parallel lines cannot pass through the same point the two possible N.E. I E. lines cannot conform to the conditions of collision.*"
FINDING THE OCEAn's DEPTH
UNTIL recently there have been sections of the ocean which were never "sounded," but it is now possible not only to ascertain depth, but also to make topographical maps of the ocean bed — thanks to another application of submarine signaling.
The U. S. S. Stewart has recently completed a series of tests, employing the submarine oscillator and microphone receivers to determine depth. The oscillator is mounted near
*" Synchronous Sipialhig in Navigation," page 41, by J. Joly, T. Fisher Unwin, Ltd., London, 1916.
the Stern of the vessel with its diaphragm pointing downward. A key closes a circuit which sets the diaphragm in vibration and thus causes sound to be sent out under water. The sound waves travel to the bottom and are reflected back, in echo fashion, and the time period is measured in seconds. Dividing the time period by two (for the sound travels both ways before it is received) and multiplying this result by the distance sourd travels in water per second, indicates the depth. The speed of sound in this instance varies v ith the depth and tables are being prepared by the U.S. Navy to show this speed.
A system of this nature is liable to some error where the surface of the bottom is particularly irregular, due to refraction and reflection, but it is infinitely more reliable than the time-honored practiceof heaving a lead sinker having ahole in its bottom filled with soap to which some of the ocean bed clings. It is quite unlikely that the latter system is of much use except to the men who have sounded the bottom enough in the same place to know its appearance.
This new sounding system should prove valuable to cable companies because it enables them to determine with accuracy the location of the valleys in the ocean bed which may be followed with a great saving of cable.
By this s\stem it is also possible to locate icebergs, derelicts, or other hazards in the path of a vessel.
LESSONS FROM
THE EGYPT ALASKA "
AND THE
T DOES not take long for the terror of a marne accident to pass away, and the outcome of investigation can never replace a single life lost at sea. For instance, no effort m.ade now can avail an\' of those 102 lost when the British steamer Egypt collided with the French steamer