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been obscured and often replaced by new motivations. The govern- mental measures aimed at protecting national security against a potential internal enemy. Even within the government, many federal employees felt that other motivations were involved in the application of the secu- rity procedures.* Outside the government there seems to have occurred a much more radical change in motivation for what, with little apparent justification, is often still referred to as security procedures. When, for example, tenants in public housing projects are asked to sign a loyalty oath, the security implication is not obvious. Nor is it clear how the security of the nation will be strengthened if books written by suspected authors are removed from library shelves, or teachers against whose teaching there is no complaint, are made unemployed and even unem- ployable because they claimed the protection of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution. The new motivation is rarely made explicit. Judging by the nation- wide debate on the subject it appears as if the purposes behind many private so-called security measures cover a wide range: some persons wish to eliminate Communist ideas; others want to eliminate persons proven or suspected of being Communists or fellow-travelers from all walks of life either because they fear that a fair proportion of the income of such people will be given to the Communist Party or because they want to punish such people for their convictions; still others seem to be seeking revenge for their own or other people's earlier gullibility. And some persons suggest that even more naked self-interest — in terms of wishes for personal power or financial gain —plays a role in the motivation of many private organizations and individuals who have set themselves up as judges over other people's beliefs and ideas. Different persons will, of course, have different judgments on the "goodness" of the motivations in this array. In any case, there is a common denominator to these motives in that they have little, if any, bearing on the security issue even though they have undoubtedly come to the fore because of the nation's concern with problems of internal security. The relevant aspects of the climate of opinion in the country consequently tend to be less concerned with security considerations than with ideological purity; and this concern, reflecting the diversity * Some evidence of the range of suspected motivations is given in "Security Meas- ures and Freedom of Thought," by Marie Jahoda and Stuart W. Cook, Yale Law Journal, March, 1952. 224