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friend said he would under no circumstances attend such a meeting, nor did he believe would anybody else who knew what the luncheon was to be about. This undermining of mutual confidence and support through fear is apparently quite frequent. The interviewees were asked whether they knew of a case of "blacklisting" and of the surrounding circumstances. Most of them (about five out of six) answered the question affirma- tively. These persons were then asked how the colleagues and how the employer of the "blacklisted" persons behaved in the situation. Actual help from colleagues was reported by about a quarter of those familiar with such a case; sympathetic attitudes among colleagues without active help was mentioned by many more. Among colleagues the wish to help coupled with the difficulty of doing so creates frustration. One man in describing a case said: "He was a fine actor, and it was a gross injustice. People cared about him as a person too and would have liked to help. But what can you do?" The phrase "but what can you do?" is often used. One person said: "Often there is no special occasion to do something. They aren't always fired in a dramatic scene. They just aren't hired. They don't get a day in court. They are simply not employed. What can you do?" And another: "Fellow artists are weak, and their attitude is un- important—they are all working people. They would be afraid to help him." Of course, there are also cases in which effective help has been given. One of our respondents reported that he and some friends had raised the money for a colleague in trouble so that he could hire a lawyer. Now that colleague was working again in the industry. But such inci- dents seem to be quite rare. As a rule, the difficulties of a colleague create deep frustration among those who want to help but feel impotent and unable to do anything. Such frustration resulting from a sense of helplessness is intensified by the role the unions are said to play in this situation. According to a number of the respondents, the manner in which anti-communism affects the employment situation in the industry is, and has been for some years, the cause of bitter fights within the unions. The merging of previously separate unions and other organizational matters make the history of these unions very complex. This is not the place to present these complicated matters; nor have we made a study of the 247