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firmly embedded in the structure of the industry. Even though they are not the only motives operating it would be misleading to disregard them. Unless the industry becomes convinced that jobs and clients can be kept without "blacklisting" procedures, these procedures will con- tinue to plague radio and television. An Examination of the Rationale for "Blacklisting" One cannot look at the manner in which anti-communism affects the industry's employment policies without raising the question whether the function served by these policies is of such importance that it war- rants their psychological consequences. If these policies are required in the interest of national security or if their existence improved the quality of the materials that go on the air, the question would have to be answered in the affirmative. The situation would then be much the same as it is with the federal security program for government em- ployees: there, too, undesirable consequences exist. But since there is an overwhelming consensus that security checks of federal employees are required in the national interest, an improvement of procedures is called for, rather than the abolition of the program. The situation is, however, different in the entertainment industry. We have not come across anyone who maintains that our national security is safeguarded by these procedures. And no one argues seri- ously that the content of radio and television programs has been affected by "blacklisting", for better or for worse. The industry itself seems convinced of two facts: subversive ideas were not propagated over the air before "blacklisting" started; and the accusation that the very best people were eliminated from the air by "blacklisting" is for the most part without foundation. If the belief nevertheless persists that the industry cannot get along without using some check on the political views and affiliations of the talent it employs, this is due to a chain of assumptions about psycho- logical responses including assumptions about the public at large and about what people refer to as "sponsor psychology". To speak of "sponsor psychology" already implies an assumption which is, to say the least, questionable. It may make sense to speak about the psychological responses of a group of people who find them- selves in the same situation and are exposed to similar policies and practices. Sponsors are not in such a situation. All they have in 256