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MANAGERS AND PROTECTIONISTS 269
used) and by means of another intermittent movement and revolving shutter, but without the lens this time, it is exposed to artificial light of fixed, known power, each picture being exposed for the small fraction of a second. The positive film is then developed, fixed and dried, after which it is sent to the assembling room, where the various scenes constituting a complete photoplay are arranged in sequence, joined together, the titles and sub-titles inserted, and it finally becomes the "reel of film" with which we are all familiar.
The foregoing, of course, only very roughly describes the various processes through which the film passes in the course of its making and the making of the play. To describe all the processes in detail would require a book of goodly size in itself.
The perforating usually is done by the producer, though perforated stock may be purchased from the film stock maker. There are 64 perforations to the foot on either side, or 4 on each side to each picture. Of late years film perforation has been brought up to a state of almost absolute mechanical perfection. It is one of the processes which must be done with great accuracy, else there will be unsteadiness of the picture on the screen.
THICKNESS OF FILM STOCK.— It is important that film stock be of unvarying, standard thickness, since thin stock has a decided tendency to produce unsteadiness of the picture on the screen, besides being unduly weak and short lived.
STANDARD PERFORATION AND OTHER FILM MEASUREMENTS.— At present (1927) there are several shapes of sprocket hole; also the dimensions of various sprocket holes vary. The Society of Motion Picture Engineers has adopted as standard the dimensions shown in Fig. 77.
We quote the following from a paper read by Donald Bell before the Society of Motion Picture Engineers at its New York City meeting in 1916.
"It is accepted as settled tact that the maximum shrinkage of motion picture film is .0937 of an inch per foot. Painstaking experiment warranted the conclusion that a gauge length of 11.968 inches for 64 holes would insure that accuracy of perforation necesary to perfect results, and at the same time make due allowance for the shrinkage of film. The