The sciopticon manual, explaining lantern projection in general, and the sciopticon apparatus in paricular (1877)

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SCIOPTICON MANUAL. 23 of an almost plano-concave flint, and a biconvex crown- glass lens, separated by a ring. It is seen that some marginal rays entering the lens A do not reach the lens J5, because of the length of the tube F F, which effects about the same result as the slight stop D D. The curvature of the field is somewhat exaggerated in the diagram, to remind us that an aplanatic lens cannot give a perfectly flat field without a stop. In this gene- ral form all portrait lenses mostly coincide, differing in regard to the focal length of the separate objectives A and B, the distance and size of the same, the position of the stops, &c. Considering Fig. 13 as representing a portrait ob- jective, the pencils JS SS proceed from an object com- paratively large and distant, forming a small image in the camera. Considering the diagram as representing a lantern objective, the order is reversed. A small transparency is in place of the curved line, which in its turn becomes the focus of incident rays, projecting upon a screen a comparatively large and distant image where the pencils S S S, if extended, meet in a focus of re- fraction. B is called the back lens in either case, as it is back next to the instrument to which the tube is attached.