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56 SELECTING FILMS FOR THE SOCIAL STUDIES much as to find that the image on the screen is upside down, or that the writing on the subtitles is in reverse. 2. A sound film cannot be used on a silent machine. The sound film has but one sprocket hole and one set of teeth on the silent machine sprocket will damage the sound film's sound track. 3. Clean the sprocket teeth and the film gate frequently. The tiniest particle of dust may scratch the emulsion on a film and cause white streaks to appear on the screen the next time the film is shown. 4. Make sure that the film is properly threaded so that loops have been left at the proper points, and that no undue tension is placed upon the film at any point. Observance of this rule will avoid much film damage. 5. Grease, oil, or water will damage the emulsion on the film. Do not allow such substances to come in contact with the film. 6. Most distributors prefer to do their own repairing of the films. If a film should break, tuck one broken end under the other on the rewind reel and turn by hand until it is secure. Never use pins to fasten the ends together because the person who examines the film for the distributor is likely to injure his hands. 7. Keep the films in their metal containers in a moderately cool, dry place to prevent them from becoming dry and brittle. 8. Don't rewind films before shipping. The distributor will rewind them and examine them at the same time. 9. The projector should be operated by an experienced opera- tor. He may be the teacher or a competent pupil, but he should know how to run the machine. VI. HOW SHOULD FILMS BE USED? Having obtained the best available film, the teacher now asks from what techniques the maximum benefit may be derived. Wherever possible, the writer has pointed to definite teaching techniques applicable to the specific films annotated in this cata- logue. It may be helpful here, however, to list briefly the gener- ally accepted procedures for using films in teaching the social studies. 1. Preview the film. Most films arrive the day before they are