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PROBLEMS OF FILM UTILIZATION 57 to be shown, thus giving the teacher an opportunity to go over the film carefully and to plan the day's lesson which utilizes the film. If a teacher's guide accompanies the film, it should also be studied carefully for suggestions concerning the best way to utilize this particular film. It is very important that a thorough study of the film's content should be made before the film is shown to the pupils. Just as the conscientious teacher would not assign reading material with which he is not familiar, so he should not expect to teach an effective lesson with motion picture ma- terial which is new and strange. A great many teachers have been considerably embarrassed to find that they have brought into the classroom highly objectionable and even obscene ma- terial in motion pictures which they have not previewed. 2. Plan for proper use of film. The first showing of the film may serve to introduce the subject, elaborate a particular phase of a topic, or review the material covered. The purpose which the film is to serve should be definitely understood before the film is shown. As already pointed out in the chapter on evaluation, different films are suited to different purposes. In an early ex- periment, Hollis found that most films were uniformly better for introduction than for review. He explains this by pointing out that "the film shown at the outset sets up a greater interest in the topic than the oral introduction, arouses more questions, and therefore stimulates closer attention to the subsequent lesson ma- terial." ! This evidence does not necessarily mean that this same film could not be advantageously used for review purposes. As Doane pointed out in his classification of films, different films are suited to different purposes. 13 The time for the introduction of the film into the class work will depend upon the purpose it is to serve. The technique of introducing the film will also vary ac- cording to the aforementioned purpose or purposes. Dunn and Schneider list six ends which the film may serve: 14 12 A. P. Hollis, "The Effectiveness of the Motion Picture Used as an Introduction or as a Summary," in F. N. Freeman, Visual Education, p. 281. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1924. 13 Donald Doane, Desirable Characteristics of Educational Motion Pictures, Chap. IV. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Stanford University, 1934. 14 F. Dunn and E. Schneider, "Teaching with Motion Pictures and Other Visual Aids," Motion Pictures in Education, p. 111. New York: Wilson, 1937.