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60 SELECTING FILMS FOR THE SOCIAL STUDIES on the purposes as outlined before the film showing and see if the film has done the things it was hoped that it would do. Testing may be one of the follow-up exercises. 20 The effectiveness of the motion picture in education will be greatly enhanced if the pupils are held responsible for information gained in this manner. Dur- ing this follow-up period other aids may be used to clear up points which the picture touched upon but did not explain. Maps may be used to refer to locations. Still pictures may be used for detail which was missed in the moving picture. These follow-up periods should also be alive with activities suggested by the film. 6. Show the film again. Most films add greatly to the knowl- edge of the group when shown for a second, a third, or even a fourth time. These subsequent showings should each be moti- vated by special purposes and should fill felt needs. For example, the film may be referred to to clear up a disputed point about the occurrence of an event or the appearance of someone or some thing. To clear up this point the film is shown again and all seek to find the correct answer. Thus the film may serve as a point of reference. It is not always necessary to show the entire film to solve such problems. A short sequence, containing the desired in- formation, will often suffice. Many times a series of questions may be answered by showing the whole picture, stopping the film when an advantageous point has been reached, then discussing what has been seen, and raising questions to be answered by the remainder of the film. Often discussions with questions and answers may be carried on while the film is being shown. Brun- stetter suggests that with sound films the sound may be shut off and either teacher or pupils may explain the action as it occurs. 21 Finally, the motion picture may be repeated at the end of a unit of work for review. Many films of an overview nature serve excellently the purpose of summary and review. No attempt has been made here to give an exhaustive summary of the best teaching methods to be used with the film in the social studies classroom. The techniques of film utilization are by no means standardized. It is strongly urged that each teacher ex- 20 Hollinger, op. cit., p. 350. 21 Brunstetter, op. cit., pp. 58-59.