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equipment Harry Simons on MN THE SUMMER of 1923, almost five years after World War I had ended, the 16mm film industry first blossomed into public prominence. There have been various attempts to set an exact date for the birthday. The first announcement and demonstration of the Eastman Cine-Kodak outfit and the 16mm black-and-white re- versal film were made by Dr. C. E. K. Mees, director of Kodak Research Laboratories in Rochester, N.Y., on January 8, 1923. The film and the equipment were placed on the market seven months later, almost simultaneously with Victor-Animatograph and Bell & Howell equipment standardized to the new film. However, the conception of 16mm—or what we regard as the nontheatrical film field as distinguished from the theatrical film in- dustry—took place at an indeterminate date several years prior to its public presentation. For example, in 1918 Alexander F. Victor pre- sented a paper, entitled "The Portable Projector, Its Present Status and Needs," at a meeting of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers in Rochester, N.Y. He suggested that the nontheatrical film and equipment be standardized so that interchangeability with theatrical 35mm film would be impossible, and that all such film should be made from noncombustible material instead of nitro-cellulose. Although a storm of protest greeted Mr. Victor's proposal, cooperation on the part of Bell & Howell, Victor-Animatograph, East- man Kodak, and the Pathescope Company of America made agree- ment possible on the standards which have made it possible for the nontheatrical film industry to develop into a world-wide means of communication. One of the great pre-birthday developments which later gave tremendous aid to the industry was the continuous reduction printer created by Alexander Victor in 1920. This was the first practical method of reprinting 35mm productions on smaller-size film. It made