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CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS AND THE CINEMA
The Sullivans . . . although some parts were very moving, even then they were things that might happen to anyone in war-time . . . the producer must have been a man who had at one time been just an ordinary working-class man, living among such people as the film portrayed.' Another girl, writing about The Way Ahead, liked the scenes of the men at home on leave, and their pre-war lives. But the most discerning remark is made by a girl about the scene where the parents learn of their son's death in This Happy Breed — 'the wireless was blazing away some jazz-band, and it all came so naturally, not like it generally does in the films.'
The relation between realism and phantasy is a knotty problem. In so far as we all have ideals, we do very largely live in a world of phantasy, where the ideal is a goal towards which we strive in every-day life. But 'ideals should not be formed apart from reality' (Arlitt, Psychology of Adolescence, p. 196). The most difficult obstacle to reaching maturity in every one of its psychological aspects is the necessity for accepting the ideal as unattainable, but nevertheless not relaxing efforts to attain it. Phantasy means, very largely, wish-fulfilment, that is, in his phantasy the individual can attain his ideal; in this way he escapes from his problems. And in this way the film offers 'escape' (we have, unfortunately, come back to the same word, for want of a better one), in so far as ideal situations are presented, which provide material for the individual's phantasies. In so far as these phantasies cannot, even partially, be put into practice, they lead to maladjustment by becoming more and more remote from reality. In so far, however, as the phantasy is more closely related to life, it is a necessary stimulus to action by providing a wider horizon of experience.
One of our girls, at the end of her essay on The Song ofBernadette, says she liked the film because T could almost imagine myself there at the time the film was supposed to take place ... it made me forget the world outside for a couple of hours, and to place myself in a different world, where men were not always in a terrific hurry, and things happened in a leisurely way'.
Here we have the appeal of the phantasy of the past; nevertheless, it is a phantasy presenting a very real and even profound feeling. During adolescence, traditional and parental values begin to be rejected, and values arising out of association with contemporaries tend to become of much more vital importance. In Germany, a study of 1,200 children between the ages of twelve and seventeen, made by Schaefer, revealed that at twelve, religious sanctions were the basis on which over half the children answered
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