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24o SOUND MOTION PICTURES
producing of vibrations affecting the sense of hearing; the other, photography and its reproduction. The success that has been attained in the development of both is due to researches carried into the study of the fundamentals of each. Scientific theory is herein concerned with five elements: one pertaining to hearing, one to speech, one to music, one to sound instruments, and the other to the voice. It stands to reason that in the transmission of dialogue, music or sound, the entertainment requirements make it important that the naturalness of the speech, music, or sound be preserved.
Let us first consider the mechanism of speaking. The organs involved are the lungs (which by their bellows-like action furnish the streams of air which pass in and out through the vocal passages), the vocal cords, the tongue, the lips, and the cavities of the nose and throat. These last impress on the air streams certain variations which are heard as speech sounds. In Figure 8 is shown a cross section of a human head, giving the relative positions of the organs I have named. The vocal cords are a pair of muscular ledges on both sides of the larynx, forming a straight slit through which the breath passes. The vibration of the vocal cords starts a train of sound waves which are conducted through the vocal passages. These in turn contribute certain resonant, characteristic vibrations that finally emerge from the mouth as speech sounds.
The human voice may be likened to a wind instrument, composed of two reeds. The so-called vocal cords are held at their ends on one edge, the other edge of each cord vibrating in the column of the air which terminates in the nose and mouth. The cords always act together, for it is impossible to produce voice with but one of them. They are fixed to the largest cartilage of the larynx, by means of a tiny little knob of cartilage delicately jointed to the part that it rests on. Consequently it may be tilted in several