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242 SOUND MOTION PICTURES
continuous flow of air, called the continuants, and those produced by a sudden stoppage of air, called the stops. In the former class are such sounds as a, vy and /, and in the latter class such sounds as p> g, d, and t.
Although the vocal cords lend quality to the voice, they do not give, in any degree, distinguishing characteristics to the speech sounds. These are produced principally by the mouth and nose cavities, as is evidenced by the fact that we can readily understand whispered speech, in which the vocal cords play no part. The cavities are therefore similar to an organ pipe which augments the sound of the vocal cords. Since, however, they are movable, they make different tones just as an organ pipe might, were it flexible and could it be formed in different shapes. The limitations of the movements of the mouth and nasal chambers are such that they extend only to certain ranges, so that each voice has peculiarities of its own. A small amount of energy is given off by the voice in sound waves, although a great deal is used in arranging and rearranging the movements of the tongue and lips. These form the proper cavities for the generation of words and other sounds, and it is such variations that cause speech.
Experiments have shown that counterparts of the lungs and vocal cords may be located outside the body and still produce speech. Once one has a clear picture of the mechanism of speaking it is simple to see how an electrical apparatus can be made which will produce sound. This feat has actually been accomplished by the artificial larynx, an apparatus developed by the Bell Telephone Laboratories, for the benefit of a person who has had his natural larynx removed. Although the quality is, of course, different from that of the human voice, the speech produced is decidedly understandable.
Now, to consider the ear. The real use of this organ is to catch the waves of sound. From the outer ear there leads