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286 SOUND MOTION PICTURES
member of the group, is set in vibration by drawing a horsehair bow across the strings, although occasional harplike effects are obtained by plucking. Closely related to the violin are the viola, the 'cello, and the double bass, which are enlarged forms of the violin, producing deeper sounds because of their size and structure.
The next important group is that of wind instruments. The flute, probably the oldest of all musical instruments, is typical. It is merely a closed tube in which the air is set in vibration by blowing into it through a mouthpiece, or through a hole in the side. The piccolo is a smaller form of the flute with a shriller sound. By the use of longer tubes with the mouthpiece, there were originated the instruments known as the horn and trumpet type. The longer the tube, the deeper the tone. It is because of the length of the tube that most instruments of this kind are curved into a more or less circular form. In one type, the trombone, the tube is made in two parts, one fitting into the other so that it may be drawn in or out, thus making the outside one shorter or longer. The familiar cornet and the great bass tuba are likewise important members of the group and are known to musicians as the " brasses," after the material of which they are made.
There is another group of wind instruments known as the "reeds," because reeds are used in their mouthpieces. These reeds are set in rapid vibration by the breath, which in turn starts the air vibrating in the tube, thus producing the sound. Among such instruments are the oboe, the Engish horn, the bassoon, the clarinet, and the saxophone.
A pipe organ is nothing more than a series of improved wind instruments. The air is fed by means of a bellows instead of a player's breath, and many pipes or freely vibrating reeds are brought under the player's control by means of one or more keyboards.