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10
November, 1948
England and the United States. It was this that made him optimistic about the success of a communist rev olution in such a backward country as Russia. So the Third International was established in 1919 as a general staff of world revolution with its headquarters at Moscow.
After Lenin's death in 1924, StaHn, who had formerly followed Lenin and Trotsky in the theory of world revolu' tion, began to advocate a theory of ''socialism in one country." Stalin's victory within the party and the expulsion of Trotsky made this the unchallengeable doctrine of the party. Stalin's victory was in effect a victory of nationalism over revolutionary internationalism. Premier Molotov ac knowledged this openly in 1931 when he said that the fundamental task of the Soviet government was to complete the socialist construction begun in the five year plan, and that this determined its foreign policy, namely, "a struggle for the maintenance of international peace, and the strength' ening of peaceful relations with other countries."
"If the interests of the U.S.S.R. demand rapproachement with this or that country which is not interested in disturbing peace, we shall take this step without hesitation," said Stalin in 1934. This foreign policy of con
ciliation with capitalist states showed itself in Soviet acceptance of the Kellogg'Briand Pact; in nonaggression treaties with Poland, France, and the Baltic states; and in active coUaboration with the League of Nations, which Stalin had once branded as the ''League of Brigands."
The communist revolution in Rus' sia did not bring the Russian people closer to the Marxian ideals of free' dom, equahty, human dignity, and in' ternational cooperation. It did not raise the standard of living. It sacri' ficed an undetermined number of lives which is counted in the millions. It did not secure for the Russian people those elementary human rights which a liberal revolution might have secured, such as an actual opportunity for people to participate in controUing their own affairs — an opportunity that can be maintained only by sincere respect for liberty of thought and conscience, for liberty of speech, for liberty of the press, for liberty of association. It destroyed, instead of developing, those institutions which might have become a basis for the protection of such liberties. It taught the Fascists how to subdue and de' moralize freer and more cultured peoples. It led to a dictatorship more ruthless and all-embracing than the Western world had ever seen.
Material Prepared by: Laurence R. Smith Robert Busier Vic Swyden