Talking pictures : how they are made, how to appreciate them (c. 1937)

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"Lights! Camera/" On a small scene there may be only one camera. On a big scene a dozen or more may be used to catch the action from different angles. Such multiple use of cameras is common for crowd effects like those shown in Ben-Hur and The Big Parade. When the so-called "establishing" long-shot of the entire set, with all the players and action, is taken, the players are far from the end of this sequence. They are certain to be saying the same lines over and over, in close-ups and medium shots, for one, two, or perhaps several days. These close-ups and "mediums" are "cut into" the long-shot when the picture is finally assembled. The close-up is probably one of the motion picture's five great assets. Its increased size of faces "points up" drama. The close-up is the factor that most definitely sets the technique of the photoplay apart from that of the stage play or the novel. When on the set, life is hectic for the major players. After an hour or more of intense concentration, a star may have a few minutes away from the camera while close-ups are taken of his leading lady. But he may not rest. A tailor arrives to try a costume on him which will be used five days later. The scenario writer brings a revision of scenes which must be memorized before the next day. The publicity department asks for a photograph with a Siamese nobleman. An expert arrives to give the star ten minutes' instruction in handling an Australian bull-whip, which he must use in the picture. The minor players have an easier time than the stars. [181]