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22 A Report to Educators We shall describe these three films briefly in the order of their completion. Henry Holt and Company did 15 a film on Osmosis. Black-and-white Running time: 19/2 minutes Cost: $20,000 16 Produced by: Affiliated Film Producers, Inc. Script writer: Irving Jacoby Director: Willard Van Dyke Music and sound effects: Henry Brant Photography: Boris Kaufman Editor: Milton Hopkins, Henry Holt and Company As a subject, Osmosis was not Holt's first choice. Loveland, Holt's member of our committee, had suggested several other topics which he thought would make excellent material for a good teaching film; but preliminary data provided by Belknap on the "stumbling blocks" reported by teachers indicated Os mosis to be among the most difficult specific topics for teachers of biology, indeed as difficult as any topic in high-school science. (Certain other topics in subsequent tabulations of Belknap's data forged ahead of Osmosis to claim the doubtful honor of being even more difficult. See page 103.) The T.F.S. group strongly ad vocated the production of a film on Osmosis, and Loveland and Hopkins cheerfully acquiesced. Henry Holt's experiences with this film as reported by Love- land have a direct bearing upon the soundness of decentralized 15 The choice of a verb to express the relationship between publisher and film proved exceedingly puzzling. A publisher shares with others responsibility for choosing a topic; plans a film, chiefly within his own organization but with advice from specialists; guides the script writer and is in turn guided by him; gets pummeled by his fellow-publishers and alternately helped and thwarted by edu cational committees; compromises again and again; participates to an uncertain and varying degree in actual production, but isn't the producer or the director. What does he do to the film? We have evaded the issue by deliberate use of the most indefinite verb in the English language. 16 In connection with the cost as stated in the case of each of the three com pleted films, it should be remembered that conditions were too favorable for economical production to be regarded as typical. Mr. Mayer, for example, donated his time to the enterprise; it was not always necessary to employ a script writer; and there were other economies that would have been difficult or impossible under normal conditions.