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16 MANUFACTURE AND DISTRIBUTION veloped negative is fixed, washed and dried and sent to the printing room. Here the film is faced against a strip of positive and passed through a machine that separately exposes each picture or "frame'' to the action of an electric light boxed in a light-tight container and capable of being moved close to the negative or some distance from it in accordance with the density of the film. This positive film is de- veloped and this first print is sent to the joining room, where the various pieces are cemented together or spliced in accordance with the joining slip. 2. This done, the print is sent to the cutting room, where the di- rector or a cutting editor or both look it over. Generally the film ia too long and must be cut down to length. This is done by removing un- necessary or the least necessary parts and, if required, replacing the omitted part with a leader that will explain.what the missing action shows. Sometimes the film is about the right length, but it is seen that an action runs too long. Removing a few feet of the unneces- sary action will smarten the scene. If the dead action occurs in the middle of a scene the cutter will try to remove it by cutting the scene there and inserting a part of a previous scene or cutting back. It is (the object of the cutter to get the film to a length approximating one thousand feet, since this is the trade standard of measurement. Some- times he works with but little judgment and then the result is a thou- sand-foot reel, but one that an author is unwilling to acknowledge as his own. 3. Once the length is attained, the negative is marked just where the cuts come and also marked to show where the inserts appear. It is then sent to the printing room, where the negative is taken apart and the scenes printed singly. These are sent to the joining room, where the girls splice them together to obtain the complete reel which is shipped out to the exchanges. 4. The e y.hanp|es are concerns which make a business of buying film from the makers and renting it to the exhibitors by the day or longer. They purchase the regular releases of certain companies, gen- erally under some form of contract. A release is the film put out or released by a company at one time. It may be a single reel with one or more subjects or a single subject in several reels. A combination of several companies offering their releases as a whole constitutes a pro- I gram as against a feature release, which may be given out with much the same regularity but not in accordance with a schedule, though there are some programs of feature releases. The releasedav is the day on which the exchanges throughout the United States are at lib- erty to begin renting the subject, which they may have received several days before. A subject shown the day it is released is said to be a first run . The next day it is second run and so on to the end of the Srst week when various other terms are used to designate the age of the film as "not more than ten days" or "from ten to fifteen days." Film rentals decrease with the increase in ^ge. 5. In the early days film was sold as made and sold outright to the