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CHAPTER XL 197 shell hits the wall and comes through, leaving a jagged opening. The scene is built with this jagged opening. Then the opening is filled in with wood or cloth bricks. At the proper moment these bricks are pushed into the scene while the shell is thrown in. The latter is a special form of fireworks that gives out a dense yellow powder. Some loose plaster and lycopodium dust will complete the effect. This sounds intricate, and it is, but you merely write: 48. Warehouse — {breakoivay set) —Jack comes in—revolver in hand —shooting at his pursuers—shell bursts through wall—bricks fall upon Jack—&c. If tlie breakaway effect is not employed the first time the setting is used you write there that it is a breakaway and write the effect in the scene in which it occurs. The director's assistant will note at the proper point that the scene is to break away, then he will follow down the scenes until he comes to the one describing the effect. A breakaway window is one with the frame partly sawed away that it may be smashed in easily. A breakaway balcony or gallery is so set that the removal of a prop will cause it to collapse and a breakaway staircase is one that is made to fall apart. But a staircase in which the steps collapse to form a chute down which the comedy characters slide is not a breakaway, but a "slippery day stairs." 10. Properties that break away are said to be "tricked." A tricked chair is one partly cut through or one put together without glue. A tricked barrel is one held together without nails. A table is tricked if the usual top is replaced by a board so tnm that it will break when a weight is placed upon it. You may, if you desire, call atten- tion to the tricking of an article of furniture, but it is not customary. The scene is self-explanatory. If you tell a director that Jim smashes Henry over the head with a chair and escapes, the director is not going to use a regular chair; particularly if the actor who is to play Henry has anything to say about it. Sometimes the cut-back can be used to heighten the effect. Jim may be seen sitting in the chair—he and Henry get into an argument. Jim rises. There is a cut-back to some other place and an almost immediate return. The scene appears to be the same, but now the chair in which Jim has been sitting is re- placed by a duplicate so tricked that it will fall apart when Henry is hit. 11. In camera manipulation the field of trick work is much larger. The simplest means of tricking a scene lies in the speed at which the crank of the camera is turned. It has been shown that pictures are displayed in the theatre at the speed of sixteen to the second. Normally they are taken at the same speed. If the camera is turned at a speed that will pass twenty frames through the camera in a second, and this film is shown at the rate of sixteen frames a second, the action shown in that second will be the normal action of only four- fifths of a second. In other words the action will be only four-fifths as rapid as normal action. If thirty-two frames are made each second