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198 TRICK AND LIGHT EFFECTS the action will be only half as fast. On the other hand, if twelve instead of sixteen pictures are made, then when sixteen of these frames are shown in one second we get crowded into that second the action that really took a second and a third. Slow turning is generally used to accelerate the speed of horses, trains and boats. In comedy, it is sometimes used to get a peculiar floating effect by cutting still further down. 12. A related effect, used in comedy, is the one-in-four turning. In this the exposures are made at normal speed, but only once in each four exposures is there a record on the film, the film showing the first, fifth, ninth and thirteenth exposures only. This not only makes the action four times as rapid, but since the three frame intervals per- mit a rapid advancement of action, it gives a peculiar jerky move- ment. This is the last resort of a director who is afraid that his picture will be poor. He resorts to "intermittent turning," as it is called, and there are always a few who will laugh and fool the ex- hibiting manager. You call for the use of intermittent action only when you can provide some new effect, and if you can invent new effects you will have to push a few importunate film manufacturers off the step each time you want to go out to mail a manuscript. They'll never let you get as far as the letter box. 13. Back turning is about the earliest of the trick effects. Back turning means that you start from the end of the film and work to tho first frame while the action starts with the opening of the scene and works to the end. Naturally everything is done backward. If a man dives off the pier, he seems to jump from the water to the pier; if he goes up a ladder he seems to be going down. Film is fed past the opening of the lens from the top to the bottom of the camera. The top film box or "retort" is loaded with unexposed film which is subject to the action of light through the lens and then stored in the lower box. If the unexposed film is placed in the lower retort and fed up- ward, the reverse effect is obtained. Most cameras are built so that changing a belt and turning the crank the wrong way will give this reverse effect. 14. This has been so sadly overworked in comedy that the reverse scene is seldom or never used, and it is a poor advertisement for your play that you are required to resort to such time honored expedients. On the other hand, back or reverse turning has a definite and valuable use in dramatic work where it is not shown to be reverse action. If the hero is required to make a jump that is beyond his powers; as to a high wall, he stands on the wall, drops to the ground and runs backward out of the scene. On the screen he seems to run in, leap to the top of the wall without an effort and a moment later we see him drop down on the other side. 15. A more valuable use is to safeguard the players. You have this sequence of scenes, perhaps: 52. Track A —.\gnes lying insensible across rails.