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THE TRICK PICTURE 119 Even with the train running slowly it is possible that Jim might fail to catch Nell, with results that would be unpleasant to Nell, to say the least, so back turning is resorted to. The train backs into the scene with Jim carrying Nell. At the proper spot he stoops and lays her on the track. Then in reverse he pretends to be preparing to pick her up. This is the way the scenes will be written to "cover up'* the trick: 15- Railroad track- Bill enters, carrying Nell- lays her on track- exits. 16- Up the road- Train runs through scene. 17- Back to No. 15- Nell struggles desperately. 18- Nearer point- Jim comes through cab window- runs to cow- catcher. 19- Back to No. 17- Nell struggling. 20- Train- Jim on cowcatcher. 21- Back to No. 19- Train comes into scene- Jim catches Nell up- train through scene. It will be perceived that only one brief scene is played in re- verse and then the audience is too busy with Nell and Jim to note that the smoke is going down the stack and that the wheels are turning backward. It will also be noticed that we have mere- ly indicated the effect we desire, not stopping to tell the director how to get the effect. Another trick, that of turning, is employed here to get the effect of rapid motion while in reality the scene is played very slowly. It has already been explained that turning the camera slowly will give the effect of rapid motion and vice versa, and here slow turning gives the train a speed in excess of its actual motion. There is one other form of trick turning, generally employed only in comedy, where the one-to-four crank is used. Now we get action four times as rapid as is natural and the characters seem to jump from spot to spot, a curiously intermittent effect that almost always brings a laugh, though the effect has been sadly overworked and has become almost as much a thing for- bidden as the chase. Double exposure and double printing are two ways of arriving at the same end. The film may be turned back and sent through the camera twice or two negatives may be made and printed, one over the other, on the same piece of positive (film. In the former,