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120 TECHNIQUE OF THE PHOTOPLAY generally used to show the same actor on the scene in two places at once, it is customary to make one print with scenery and one against a box of black velvet. * This is lined, top, sides and bot- tom, with black and is better than a straight curtain because there is practically no reflection of light from the cloth. The actor stands in front of this cloth, dressed in light clothes and is regis- tered on the film. His actions are carefully timed to correspond with the actions already registered on the film, a slow and tedious matter of repeated rehearsal. A quicker method is to use a mask and take but one-half of the scene at a time, but this requires that the players shall not cross from one side to the other across the dividing line, and limits the action. A combination of double exposure with mask or stopping down gives visions and dissolves, the fade also being done in this manner. Most persons are familiar with the iris disphragm of the regu- lar camera lense and know that by turning a ring or button the opening can be enlarged from a pin point hole to one almost the size of the lense barrel. The smaller the opening the less light there is passed through to affect the sensitive film. Because of the speed at which they are taken, the almost full opening is used for motion pictures. Stopping down gives a night effect, for night is merely the absence of light. In a vision the film is first run through with a mask just in front of the film that cuts off that section of each frame where the vision is to appear. Then the film is run back, the mask is changed to one that uncovers only the space for the vision and that is made. In dissolves no mask is employed, but stopping down is re- sorted to. We will suppose that Cinderella mopes by the fire and her fairy godmother is to appear. As Cinderella strikes a pose suggesting her deep depression, the cameraman starts to stop down the lense. Less and less light is passed through to affect the film until the diaphragm is down to the limit and there is lit- tle more than a trace of a picture registered. With the diaphragm still closed, the film is turned back to the place where the stopping down commenced. This is an almost full picture, but gradually grows less distinct. Now the Fairy steps into the scene and the camera turns again. This time the diaphragm is closed to give but the faintest image, but as it gradually opens the picture grows more and more distinct. It fol- lows that if the opening of the diaphragm is done in precisely the same manner as the closing was accomplished, that all parts of the picture will be equally exposed except the figure of the fairy. This at first is no more than a misty effect gradually taking shape.