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154 TECHNIQUE OF THE PHOTOPLAY useless. It is better to leave leaders and words unnumbered. Does a bust count as a scene? A bust should be counted as a scene both in numbering the scenes and in counting the total. This is because the camera must be moved to make the bust, and so a number is needed to identify that strip of negative. Then why not number the inserts? Because the inserts are made by a separate department and do not need the identifying number. In the studio they are marked according to some system, but this does not concern the author. What is the precise difference between an insert and a bust? An insert shows little or no action. A bust is the magnification of some action. Must the passage of time always be marked by a leader? Not if the scene or action clearly shows the flight of time, but in most cases it is better to write in a time leader, even if you think that it will be cut out in the studio. How many leaders may be used? As many as are necessary to make the action clear. The fewer the number of leaders and the shorter the length, other things being equal, the more likely the story is to sell, but you are not limited to any specific number of leaders. How many words can I use in a leader? There is no limit save that of common sense. The shorter the leader the better, but a twelve-word leader that is clear is to be preferred to one of eight words that lacks explicitness. About twenty words should be the limit unless you think the story will warrant the running of two leaders in succession. This is some- times, but not very often, done. Is a long leader better in letter form? Only when the letter can be introduced as a part of the action. ' Do not have the character suddenly decide to write a letter for no other reason than that you want to tell the audience something. The use of a letter is permissible only when there is a real neces- sity for giving some other character the information the letter contains. When should newspaper paragraphs be introduced? Only when there is a legitimate excuse for having some char- acter read or be shown a newspaper. As- it necessary to write in all the cut backs? Write in a reasonable number of cut backs, as the situation may seem to require, but do not write for the extremist who may use thirty or forty cuts where the average director would use but fifteen or twenty. Be careful to avoid overdoing the cutting back.