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106 THE CAMERA by Ampex and placed in practical use in 1956, although earlier experi- mental demonstrations had been made in 1951 by Bing Crosby Enter- prises and 1953 by RCA. The tape recording of pictures has many advantages over both live and film techniques. It can be played back immediately without the delay of laboratory processing. Thus scenes can be immediately okayed, and sets dismantled without waiting until the next day for film development. >• TERMS FOR THE FILM CAMERA MECHANISM As mentioned in defining persistence of vision, motion pictures consist of a series of still pictures which are photographed at intervals, 24 per second. The raw film is stored in the film camera in an upper Magazine, a light-tight compartment from which the film is pulled by gears. The gears engage the Sprocket Holes or Perforations or Perfs which are regularly spaced along the side of the film stock. The Intermittent Movement is the mechanism which brings the film to the camera Aperture or lens opening, where each individual frame of picture is exposed. Between the sprocket and the intermittent movement is a slack por- tion of film called a Loop, which makes it possible for the film to travel through the intermittent movement without tearing. Thread or Thread Up are terms used to indicate the work of placing the film over the guiding sprockets, allowing loops fore and aft of the intermittent for correct operation in the mechanism. Hence you thread up a camera, or thread up a projector. Claw is the part of the mechanism which pulls the film down into position at the camera aperture. When it is in place, Registration Pins are inserted in the perforations to hold it steady, and a Pressure Plate, behind the film, keeps it flat and firm for the instant the film frame is being exposed. It must be remembered that while the film is being taken out of the upper magazine in a steady continuous motion, it is stopped for the instant exposure is being made, and then it is taken up after exposure in the Lower Magazine. Though "lower," it may be in the same housing and at the same level as the Upper Magazine. The stop-and-go motion of the film at the aperture serves to explain why this mechanism is called the intermittent movement. At the aperture there is a hinged plate that permits the threading of the film in the mech- anism which is called the Gate. Here, as film is being photographed, each frame pauses momentarily to receive its photographic image. In a projec- tor, the gate serves a similar purpose, allowing the image to be momen-