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162 PROBLEMS OF STYLE IN THE FILM
logical intention which is consciously or unconsciously but inevitably contained in every film depicting reality.
The artistic composition of such films begins with the planning of the journey, and not with the grouping of shots already made, not with the cutting. Whoever makes a journey with the intention of describing it, be it in words or in pictures, must already have a preconception of his experiences. The same applies to those who write diaries. There is a curious transitional art form here, a form which lies between a mere recording of reality and the interpreting intentions of a film director. Such intentions are often unconscious or subconscious and provide opportunities for interesting psychological studies.
A tramp sees only what chance puts in his way. But a traveller has a definite aim, just as a good writer has. The journey determines the form of the film and the itinerary already lays down the cutting plan. The actual cutting of the strip ought merely to eliminate certain residual superfluities.
Is the news film a form of artistic creation? If it is to give an honest picture of reality, its first concern should be this and not art. But it soon became obvious that even a strictly scientific instructional film cannot be made without taking artistic points into consideration and making conscious use of artistic means of expression. For in order that out of the empirical fog of reality the truth — that is, the law and meaning of reality — may emerge through the interpretation of a seeing and experiencing maker, such a maker must bring into play every means of expression available to the art of the film.
INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS WHICH HAVE A HERO
Out of the transitional form last mentioned several interesting, valuable and popular kinds of film have developed. One of the most interesting of these is the documentary film which has a central figure, a hero. In such films we see not only the neutral things of reality but in their focal point a man whose everyday life and destiny they make up and it is this man who gives meaning and functional life to that reality. Such an 'enacted' instructional film shows reality with scientific