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208 SOUND
film is a snapshot of a separate motionless condition, our eye does not perceive it so. What we see is motion. The motion picture is what it is because even the shortest shot shows movement. The smallest particle of action, be it internal or external action, is always action, the optical manifestation of which is movement — even within one and the same shot. This is how it strikes our senses and our consciousness, and this is what matters in art. The specific task of the film is to seize on and localize by means of close-ups the very instants when the decisive, initiating or direction-changing impulses enter the action.
However extensive an event is, however vast its scale, there has somewhere been some small spark which was the immediate cause of the explosion; a pebble must have loosened somewhere and started the landslide. These dramaturgically decisive particles of time can be presented by the film in a single shot. It can show the one man on whom it all turned, at the very instant which matters: that last-but-one second of hesitation in a glance of the eye, the one gesture in which the final resolve manifests itself. All this the film can separate by a close-up from the more general picture of the scene in which the causal course of the whole process is shown from begining to end. In such fatal decisive close-ups sound, too, can play a cardinal dramaturgical part.
Moments when a man is alerted by a slight noise, or hears a word, may be of fatal significance. The close-up will show the face and let us hear the sound too. It will show the drama enacted on the face and at the same time let us hear its cause and explanation. This is done in two planes, with counterpointed effects.
SOUND-EXPLAINING PICTURES
Not only the microdramatics expressed in the microphysiognomy of the face can be made intelligible by the sound which causes it. Such a close-up-plus-sound can have the inverse effect. The close-up of a listener's face can explain the sound he hears. We might perhaps not have noticed the significance of some sound or noise if we had not seen its effect in the