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THREE-DIMENSIONAL MOTION PICTURES 127 was found possible and practicable to increase the arc current until anamorphosed and ordinary illumination of the screen, projected consecutively from different machines, appeared equally brilliant. The cylindrical ananiorphoser consists of a positive and a negative member so spaced as to give an afocal combination. The axes of the cylinders are parallel; in fact strict parallelism is essential. The allowable errors in alignment are almost in finitesimal, but mechanical and optical means for rapidly attaining and maintaining suitable alignment have been devised, and have solved what at first seemed to be an insuperable obstable to the development of a good objec tive. Similarly, means have been found of grinding and polishing cylindrical surfaces so that they can be made as easily as spherical surfaces and, as with the latter, to any degree of perfection that seems necessary and desirable. Their manufacture is not in any sense a hand process. The quality improves when the lenses are made in series. Present-day motion picture photography and pro jection make demands on the optical equipment that can be properly understood only when three independent stages of the image-reproducing process are analyzed and subjected to quantitative measurement and interpreta tion. Thus we have first to consider the quality of the image on the negative film, an image that is carried essentially unchanged to the positive film. Then tht image must be projected by means of an optical system that has, as we shall see, certain inherent limitations. Lastly, the eye perceives the screen image and requires, for a subjective sensation of sharpness and brilliance, that the blurring of the details of the image shall not exceed amounts that we shall later discuss and correlate with the definition available. As the first step we shall consider the photographic image.