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(Note — the carbonate bath does not remove heavy spots of machine oil.)
There is no advantage in soaking providing no airbells are produced in development. Airbells are liable to occur occasionally in spite of careful manipulation but may be prevented by preliminary soaking.
The manipulation of the rack during development should be standardized as follows:
1. After the "soak" allow the film to drain for a few seconds, then slowly and carefully insert the rack into the developer, so that the developer surface is not disturbed so as to cause froth. Drop the rack slowly, otherwise if dropped quickly into the developer airbells are trapped and when once formed are difficult to remove.
2. When thoroughly immersed, move the rack up and down as far as possible without exposing above the surface of the solution, in order to insure uniform access of the developer to the film. This preliminary motion is absolutely necessary in order to prevent streakiness and unevenness. The film should be examined at the end of 30 seconds and one minute. Every succeeding minute the rack should be lifted almost completely out of the solution and then re-immersed immediately in order to stir up the developer and prevent rack marks (see under "rack marks" below).
3. When development is complete rinse for a definite time, say 10 seconds, place in the fixing bath and continue to move the rack for several seconds in order to insure that the fixing bath has thorough access to tjie film and arrests development, otherwise fixing bath streaks will be produced and these streaks will be particularly noticeable if the film is subsequently toned.
The Development of Panchromatic Motion Picture Negative Film
Developing solutions used for regular film are equally satisfactory for developing panchromatic film.
Owing to the extreme color sensitiveness of panchromatic negative film, visual inspection of the film during development is almost prohibitive. When using a Series 3 ceiling safelight, after remaining in the dark room for about one-half hour it is possible to discern objects sufficiently well to enable the film to be wound on the frames without difficulty. It is always preferable to make a preliminary development test and then develop the film proper by the time and temperature method. Panchromatic film is usually more contrasty than regular or superspeed film, and therefore requires a shorter time of development. During development the film should not be examined for more than 2 or 3 seconds even with a Series 3 pocket flash lamp safelight.
Desensitizers do not desensitize panchromatic emulsions to the same extent as regular emulsions though the use of Pinakryptol Green in the developer is recommended, when after 2 minutes the film may be freely examined with the Series 3 safelight above.
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