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ness. Any graininess produced during drying is probably an incipient form of reticulation.
5. Excessive Shrinkage. Raw stock usually swells slightly during developing, fixing, and washing, and shrinks again during drying, the dry developed film being about 0.05% to 0.2% shorter than the raw stock. Any increase over these figures is a result of too rapid drying at low humidities.
6. "Drying Down." Many workers have observed that a film image which appears normal when in the wet condition often appears contrasty and over-exposed in the highlights when dry. This is a result of slow drying at high temperatures. Under normal drying conditions there is no appreciable difference in contrast between the wet and dry film when viewed by diffused light.
7. Spots and Uneven Markings. Typical water spots caused by drops of water left on the gelatine side of the film during drying at low humidities and high temperatures are shown in Figure 27. The streaks running parallel with the edges of the film are also a result of imperfect squeegeeing.
The spots shown in Figure 28 are caused by the presence of spots of water on the back only, the surface of the film being entirely free from water spots. Water spots on the celluloid side of the film tend to cool the film in the region of these spots and therefore retard drying on the gelatine side, resulting in drying spots. Drying marks may also occur wherever the film passes over the slats, of the drying reel, especially if the position of the film is not changed relative to the slats during drying. If the transference of the film from the rack to the drying reel, after washing, is delayed the film will often partly dry and even after thorough squeegeeing, drying marks result. It is therefore important not to delay the transference of the film from the rack to the drying reel.
REFERENCES
1. "The Resistivity of Various Materials towards Photographic Solutions," by J. I. Crabtree and G. E. Matthews, Ind. Eng. Chem. 15: 666, 1923.
2. "A Portable Apparatus for Developing Motion Picture Film," by J. I. Crabtree, M. P. News, 1583, 1918; B. J. Phot. 65: 379, 1918.
3. "Photographic Methods of Testing Developers," by J. I. Crabtree, Am. Ann. of Photo., 1922; B. J. Phot. 69: 153, 1922.
4. "Chemical Fog," by J. I. Crabtree, Am. Ann. Phot., 1919; B. J. Phot., 66: 97, 1919.
5. "How to Prepare Photographic Solutions," by J. I. Crabtree, Camera Craft, 26: 270, 1919; B. J. Phot., 66: 365, 1919.
6. Monograph on "The Theory of Development," No. 2, by A. H. Nietz, published by the Eastman Kodak Company.
7. "A New Sensitometer for the Determination of Exposure in Positive Printing," by L. A. Jones and J. I. Crabtree, Trans. Soc. M. P. Eng., 15: p. 89.
8. "Stains on Negatives and Prints, their nature, cause, and methods of removal," by J. I. Crabtree, Am. Ann. Phot., 1921, B. J. 1921, 68: 294.
9. "Printing Exposure and Density in Motion Picture Positives," by L. A. Jones, Trans. Soc. M. P. Eng., 15: p. 102.
10. "Toning and Tinting of Eastman Motion Picture Film," published by the Eastman Kodak Company, price $2.50.
11. "The Graininess of Photographic Materials used in the Motion Picture Industry," by A. C. Hardy & L. A. Jones, Trans. Soc. M. P. Eng., No. 14, p. 107.
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