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solutions at a temperature not higher than 70° F. and by the use of suitable hardening baths, although superhardening of the film should be carefully avoided because this tends to produce brittleness. Prolonged washing at ordinary temperatures does not render the film more susceptible to drying markings.
2. Methods of Removal of Surplus Water Previous to Drying. Providing all superfluous moisture is removed from both sides of the film previous to d-ying, the propensity for markings to occur is independent of the method of removing the moisture.
Methods of removal of excess water previous to drying and correct conditions of drying are discussed in a previous paper by one of the authors.1
3. The Temperature and the Rate of Drying. Markings which are only just visible on film dried slowly in partially saturated air are objectionably prominent when the film is dried rapidly at high temperatures. Rapid drying even at normal temperatures accentuates the markings but the majority of the drying marks on motion picture film are traceable directly to rapid drying at high temperatures.
If the rate of drying of the film is suddenly changed, once the gelatine coating has commenced to dry at the edges, markings are invariably produced whose contour corresponds with the "shore line" between the wet and dry portions of the film. It is important therefore not to suddenly change the speed of the drying reels, especially when the conditions are favorable for rapid drying.
For details regarding correct conditions for drying, see "The Development of Motion Picture Film by Reel and Tank Systems," by J. I. Crabtr.ee.1
CLASSIFICATION OF MOISTURE SPOTS AND MARKS
WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE MANNER OF
THEIR FORMATION
The markings are listed under three classifications; namely, spots and marks caused by (A) Actual moisture accidentally touching the film, (B) Condensation of water vapor from humid atmospheres, and (C) Abnormal drying conditions. The illustrations correspond with the numbers given below.
A. Markings Caused by Actual Moisture Accidentally
Touching the Film
1. White Spots. This type of marking most usually occurs as round or irregularly shaped spots with hazily defined edges either singly or in clusters. Other varieties are (a) irregular gray areas with white spots scattered throughout, and (b) mottled spaces of slightly lighter density than the surrounding film. The latter types were most commonly found on film which had been exposed before the
1 Crabtree, J. I., "Development of Motion Picture Film by Reel and Tank Systems," Trans. Soc. M. P. Eng. No. 16, p. 163 (1923).