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430 Transactions of S.M.P.E., Vol. XI, No. 31, 1927
Experiments have been made which show that the solubihties of the silver haHdes in hypo have been stated too high owing to the adoption of conditions favoring supersaturation. It is concluded that when the silver content of a 10% bath exceeds 0.6-0.7%, it becomes impossible to completely remove the silver salt by washing. ^^
The importance of halation on motion picture film has been discussed. Halation is of two kinds: diffusion halation, due to the diffusion of light by a turbid emulsion; and reflection halation, caused by light transmitted through the emulsion and then reflected by one or the other surfaces of the film base. Non-halation film solves the difficulty by giving non-reflecting surfaces on the film.^°
The relation between the specular and the diffuse photographic densities were discussed in a recent paper. A formula was theoretically derived which correlates the so-called specular and diffuse density of a layer of light-scattering medium, such as a developed photographic film or plate. ^^
A patent has been issued on the manufacture of cellulose acetates or other esters of cellulose by a dry process. The cellulose employed as the starting material is pre-treated with organic carboxylic acids in the absence of solvents, and the reaction is performed by passing over or through the pretreated materials the vapors of acetic anhydride or other esterifying agent either alone or in admixture with air.^^
A British patent was granted on a substitute for celluloid as the support of the sensitive layer, produced by impregnating paper with a solution of artificial resin in alcohol. ^^ A French patent was issued on a process of embodying silk threads in the edges of motion picture film during manufacture.^^
Safety film must be as nearly chemically inert in relation to its sensitive coating as is nitrate base; its coefficient of expansion must not greatly exceed that of the nitrate base, and it must have uniform strength and retain its characteristics over a period of months.^^ The inflammability of nitrate film may be reduced by the introduction of cellulose phosphate; — cellulose can be satisfactorily nitrated by mixtures in which the sulfuric acid ordinarily employed is replaced by phosphoric acid.^^
In order to determine the strength of film splices, a series of tests were made on both fresh and old film with a number of different cements. Results of the tests were tabulated with the compositions of the various cements used.^^