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468 Transactions of SM.P.E., Vol. XI, No. 31, 1927
It is only recently and with the cooperation of the Eastman Kodak Research Laboratory that we have begun to actually investigate the effect of photographic processing upon the quality of reproduced sound. Some very interesting results have already been obtained. One of the things that bothered in the beginning of the sound recording work was film noise or ground noise. This was at first thought to be inherent in the base or emulsion of the film itself, but it has recently been shown at the Eastman Laboratory that perfectly clean film will reproduce practically without noise. If, however, the film is handled and rewound in the open, dust particles adhere to the film and ground noise appears. This means if the film in recording and processing is kept clean, that practically the only film noise that will be present on the print will be due to the dust and abrasion on the positive. By proper setting of the recording level, this noise will be so low in comparison with the reproduced sound that its presence will be practically unnoticeable in the theater.
In the developing of the positive and negative films, it has been found that contrast and consequently the quality of the reproduced sound follow the conditions necessary for good picture reproduction; namely, that the product of the negative and positive gammas be nearly unity. Fortunately for commercial purposes, these limits are not particularly narrow. It is more important for good quality of reproduction that the transmission of the sound record be correct. All laboratory work is gradually being placed on a mechanically and scientifically controlled basis. This will not only promote the production of better sound records but will improve the picture value as well.
Recording the picture and sound upon the same film make it possible to cut and edit the film in a manner very similar to that used for cutting pictures without sound records. Either the positive or negative can be handled in this manner. In one of the pictures shown here, over one hundred separate shots are included, each of which were retaken several times in the making.
Reproducing The process of reproducing the sound from the Movietone film consists essentially in moving the sound record through a linear beam of light. The modulations in the form of sound lines on the film vary the light beam in accordance with the recorded sound. These light variations falling upon a photo-electric cell produce corresponding electrical variations which may be amplified and changed back into