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634 Transactions of S.M.P.E., Vol XI, No. 32, 1927
but if the film is in a normal condition, no trouble at all would be experienced. The trouble is of too general a nature to pin it down in this quarter.
Another opinion set forth admits the circulation of much buckled film and allows that this film is responsible for the epidemic of focusing troubles. The cause for the film becoming buckled is blamed to the vogue for brighter and still brighter pictures, which has resulted in film being subjected repeatedly to much higher orders of heat than has formerly been customary.
My own opinion is that the heat question has undoubtedly raised new problems but has little effect upon causing film to buckle in the manner that has been described. Experiences with new film which had not been projected previously, and in which the trouble was very bad indeed, is one of the things which leads me to the conclusion that most of the trouble of this nature occurs before the film has been placed in circulation.
Buckling Occurs at Separated Points in Print
I have many times observed while projecting buckled film that the trouble would suddenl}^ cease ; be absent for perhaps several hunred feet; and then abruptly commence again. Examination disclosed the fact that the buckling started or stopped at splices which were made at the time the print w^as assembled. This seems to point out that some sections of the print had been subjected to conditions to which the other sections had not been. If the cause for the film becoming buckled occurred after the print had been placed in general circulation, the line of demarcation between good and bad could not possibly have been so wtII defined.
On several occasions I have taken sections of buckled film which were giving us trouble and have had them projected with a different type of light source system than that which we use and under more favorable optical conditions to determine, if possible, the comparative results.
It was difficult to determine if there was any difference under the more favorable conditions, though personally I think that some improvement could be noted. There surely was no marked difference, however, and the matter of real interest is that the in-and-out-of -focus effect persisted in all test cases.
Occasional instances of buckled film have always been experienced, but these few cases cannot be compared in importance to the