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Eastman Classroom Films — Finegan 333
film group gained more than the non-film group during the twelve weeks of instruction. In General Science, the average gain of the film group was 111 per cent of the average gain of both film and non-film groups taken together. In Geography it w^as 117.9 per cent of the average of both groups.
Not only did the film group gain more than the non-film group during the period of instruction, but the average score of the film group was higher than the non-film group at the end of the experiment, although the non-film group was superior to the film group in intelligence and grade placement, and made better scores on the tests given before the instruction began.
In General Science, the average score of the film group on a test given at the end of the experiment was 111.8 per cent of the average score of both groups, taken together. In Geography it was 115.6 per cent of the average score of both groups.
On the essay type of test the average score of the film group in General Science was 111 per cent of the average of the scores of both groups taken together and in Geography it was 115 per cent of the average of the scores of both groups.
It will be noticed that these figures do not represent the superiority of the film group over the non-film group, but show the percentage by which the average of the film group is above the average of both the film and the non-film groups taken together. A simple illustration may make this clear. If one group of stocks average $10 a share and another group of stocks average $20 a share, the second group is 200 per cent of the first group, but it is only 133% per cent of $15 w^hich is the average of both groups of stocks taken together. In like manner the percentage in favor of the film group would be distinctly higher if based on the average of the non-film group instead of on the average for both groups.
The term '^Standard Deviation" is commonly used by the specialist in educational measurements. There seems to be no simple w^ay to make this term understandable in common language.
In General Science, the gain of the film group over the nonfilm group was 14.5 per cent of the Standard Deviation. The average of the film group on a final test given at the end of the experiment was superior to that of the non-film group by 78.2 per cent of the Standard Deviation. On the essay type of test the film group was superior also by 23.2 per cent of the Standard Deviation.
In Geography the film group showed a gain superior to the